Tuesday, June 28, 2011

Planning insights from Zurich

Image credit: Fotolia.com

Elizabeth Rosenthal from the NY Times writes about how European cities such as Zurich are creating environments openly hostile to cars.

"Cities including Vienna to Munich and Copenhagen have closed vast swaths of streets to car traffic. Barcelona and Paris have had car lanes eroded by popular bike-sharing programs. Drivers in London and Stockholm pay hefty congestion charges just for entering the heart of the city. And over the past two years, dozens of German cities have joined a national network of “environmental zones” where only cars with low carbon dioxide emissions may enter".

This certainly contrasts what we've been seeing in North America. While some North American cities have started to add more pedestrian friendly environments (New York City, Vancouver and San Francisco, for example), we still have a ways to go to make our cities more focused on providing livable spaces for people and not simple cars.

"Europe’s cities generally have stronger incentives to act. Built for the most part before the advent of cars, their narrow roads are poor at handling heavy traffic. Public transportation is generally better in Europe than in the United States, and gas often costs over $8 a gallon, contributing to driving costs that are two to three times greater per mile than in the United States, Dr. Lee Schipper said.

"Around Löwenplatz, one of Zurich’s busiest squares, cars are now banned on many blocks. Where permitted, their speed is limited to a snail’s pace so that crosswalks and crossing signs can be removed entirely, giving people on foot the right to cross anywhere they like at any time".

Read more here.

Monday, June 27, 2011

the air conditioning costs in war

Thank you Marginal Revolution for this fact of the day:

"The amount the U.S. military spends annually on air conditioning in Iraq and Afghanistan: $20.2 billion. That's more than NASA's budget. It's more than BP has paid so far for damage during the Gulf oil spill. It's what the G-8 has pledged to help foster new democracies in Egypt and Tunisia".

With that money, the U.S. could invest in renewable energy projects, spare a few dollars for state/municipal infrastructure upgrades (namely transportation, water and wastewater) and do wonders in environmental education or even money for research and development into more energy efficient air conditioners that can help the country adapt to climate change!

Full story here.

Friday, June 24, 2011

Water's connection to climate change adaptation

This summer I have been working as an intern with the Adaptation to Climate Change Team (ACT) based out of Simon Fraser University's Public Policy School

"ACT is a five-year series of six-month sessions on top-of-mind climate change issues that brings leading experts from around the world together with industry, community and government decision-makers to explore the risks and generate recommendations for sustainable adaptation".

Among many of the climate change topic areas (biodiversity, energy, extreme weather), I have had the fortune of working on the water session. This particular session focuses on water governance and water policy in Canada and how our governments (municipal, provincial and federal) can start working toward policy that is based on adaptation to climate change. Certain places have been more progressive than others - my job is to investigate why and how such critical lessons can be applied across the country.

What does adaptation mean, exactly? Well, in the climate change world, there are two really popular words that are thrown around; these include "mitigation" and "adaptation". Both words became quite popular when British economist Nicholas Stern released his 700 page report on the economics of climate change in October 2006.

In short, Stern argued that we can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through policies that support the development of a range of low-carbon and high-efficiency technologies. Further, we could use economic instruments such as carbon pricing, taxes and cap-and-trade to alleviate emissions. Adaptation by contrast (which has been less popular but is now emerging) is an approach where institutions can invest in technologies, systems and ideas that help us prepare for the impacts of climate change. These adaptation solutions are diverse but can be as simple as more efficient air conditioners that alleviate the impacts of heat waves, or floatable homes that, in the event of a flood, do not sink or lose their structural integrity. For those who are interested in the economics of climate change adaptation, please read Matt Kahn's Climatopolis.

Enviro Boys has written about adaptation in the past and will continue to do in the future given the salience of climate change. But from a water perspective, and based on what I am learning through my work, adaptation strategies such as water conservation or natural flood control tactics, while having higher upfront investment costs, the benefits and future returns on lessening the impacts of droughts, floods or even heat waves can be immense. In addition, getting people to think about the impacts of climate change can foster a collective and community oriented approach where groups think of creative solutions and where businesses and entrepreneurs start to innovate in response to the demand created.

More to come on how governments in Canada are thinking about this and what the opportunities are from a water policy and governance perspective.

Monday, June 13, 2011

David Zetland's new book: The End of Abundance

David Zetland's new book "The End of Abundance: economic solutions to water scarcity" is now available.

I have ordered my copy and look forward to reading it.

Our blog has been lucky to benefit from David Zetland and his blog Aguanomics over the past two years. David wrote a guest post for us a year ago and has continued to provide academic and blogging tips to me personally. He has been incredibly insightful on all things water (especially water policy and the economics of water). He kindly offered some tips and suggestions for a conference presentation I made in February of this year along with a research project on groundwater management in Andhra Pradesh.

David has been great and his writing has certainly helped shape my perspective on water policy, planning, governance and management.

For more information about his book, see here. Book review on "The End of Abundance" forthcoming.

Saturday, June 11, 2011

Bike Share System in Hangzhou, China



Following up on Chris' post on the theme of bicycles, I thought I would provide this video (thank you to my friend, DS, for sharing it with me) about a very successful public bike share system in Hangzhou, China that is paving the way for green transportation.

The video above provides all the details, anecdotes and statistics about the system so I'll leave the video to satisfy your curiosity. However, from a planning and development perspective, there are a couple of things worth mentioning.

One, bike share programs are especially useful as an inter-model transit strategy meaning that citizens might rent a bike to travel to a transit station where they could then park the bike at the bike share parking facility located at the transit station,  hop on transit and walk to their final destination. The bike share parking stations are meant to be close to other transit modes to help people effectively transition when making a journey. Further, they are also located near residential complexes and busy streets. Bikes in general are wonderful for commuting but bike share programs help alleviate fears about bicycle theft and allow people to integrate them effectively into their traveling.

The Hangzhou story is also promising considering the great fall of cycling China over the past 20 years. Indeed, according to some sources, "just ten years ago there were 500 million cyclists in China. The bike was emperor of the roads. It was the only way to go and the fastest way to get there. But whereas two thirds of families traveled by bike in the 90's, it is only 20% today. Bike ownership in cities has plummeted by 25% in the past five years".

There are researchers in my graduate program who are particularly interested in reviving bicycling in China. You can view their abstract here which focuses on Beijing.  This is a significant problem in China as cycling, a once dominant mode of transportation, is being pushed aside by the car which brings with it a series of factors including convenience, social/economic status, flexibility and more.

It's reassuring to know that some places in China such as Hangzhou and Guangzhou are moving forward with popular and affordable transportation programs to improve the livability and sustainability of their cities.

Thursday, June 9, 2011

Riding Out of the Bike Lane? Watch Out for the 5-0

Bike lanes are great. But just because it's there, doesn't mean you have to ride in it. Especially when stuff is in the way. Or so I thought...

Monday, June 6, 2011

An Oil Sands Pipeline and Obama's Decision...

One of North America's largest and most lucrative petroleum pipeline projects is awaiting the decision from the USA's commander-in-chief. As outlined by the Globe & Mail, TransCanada Corp's Keystone XL pipeline would extend from oil sands-rich Alberta to the gulf coast of Texas, a hub of the American oil industry. Opponents charge that the project will only increase GHG emissions, put entire ecosystems and water sources at risk, and put another significant damper on an already struggling yet budding renewable energy industry.

Image: Pipelines International
The developers are ready to go and with little protest coming from governments north of the border, the project is only awaiting the key approvals from various US authorities. The State Department is expected to release its report over the next couple of months, but the growing consensus is that the report will be supportive of the project.

And so, those of the environmentalist ilk will have to hope that their last line of defence will come through in the clutch: Obama. The Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency have grounds to appeal any State Department decision to the president himself, ultimately leaving Obama to approve the proposal, reject it or even slow it down by requiring further study. This has many environmentalists feeling very optimistic. But what they do not know is which Obama will come to the table. Will it be the 2008 campaigning Obama that promised to create a green economy, refuse imports of 'dirty oil' and even considered reopening NAFTA? Or will they get the more centrist Obama that, primarily under political duress, has had to steer many of his policies to the right in order to keep everyone happy?

Friday, June 3, 2011

Technology and Forest Conservation

I just read a fascinating article from the Science and Technology section of The Economist. The essence of the article is about a new lidar monitoring technology (The Economist is calling it a Lidar-tector) which is a light detection and ranging system that works by broadcasting electromagnetic waves towards a target and then building up a picture from the reflection. This technology is now being used for forest conservation purposes to determine the carbon content of trees. How does it work?:

"In the case of lidar, the waves are in the form of an infra-red laser beam. And in the case of the forests of south-western Nepal, the target is the trees. During a forest survey, an aircraft-borne lidar sweeps a beam that fires about 70,000 pulses a second over the canopy. A sensor on the aircraft records the time it takes to receive the backscattering of pulses, and that is used to compute distances to the forest canopy and to the soil beneath".

Further:

"The result, when processed through the computers of Arbonaut, a Finnish natural-resource-management company, is a three-dimensional image of the forest that can be correlated with, and calibrated by, the efforts of the chaps with the tape measures. And that, in turn, can be used to estimate the amount of carbon stored in the plot examined, and extrapolated to calculate the carbon stored in larger areas of forest that have been scanned by lidar, but not measured with tapes."

In the world of carbon sequestration projects, there is a lot of mendacity and mistrust when it comes to reporting numbers. In particular, policymakers and scientists are keen to know the carbon content of various forests to determine which ones are more worthy of preservation than others. While this may sound absurd, it is useful information for carbon trading scheme projects (which I do not completely agree with and will blog about shortly). Additionally, it provides further impetus to contain these forests and allow them to sequester carbon. In so doing, countries like Nepal can: